Journal: Polymers

Article Title: Thermoplastic Starch-Based Blends with Improved Thermal and Thermomechanical Properties

doi: 10.3390/polym13234263

Figure Lengend Snippet: Kruskal–Wallis test for the tensile strength of the materials.

Article Snippet: Multiple range tests were performed in Statgraphics, reporting the following results: The Kruskal–Wallis test evaluated the hypothesis that the medians of the tensile strength of the materials within each of the four levels of the compound were equal.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Nutrition

Article Title: Lacticaseibacillus casei CNCM I-5663 supplementation maintained muscle mass in a model of frail rodents

doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.928798

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of probiotic supplementation on Caenorhabditis elegans survival and body wall muscle structure. (A) Median survival of wild-type C . elegans (N2 strain) fed E . coli OP50 (control group) or one of the six probiotic strains (treatment groups: 3a, 05, 10, 36, 62, and 63). The asterisks indicate the significance of the comparison between the treatment group and the control group (log-rank test; ** p ≤ 0.01; *** p < 0.001; ns: not statistically significant). (B) Age-related decline in mitochondrial network structure in C . elegans . (C) Mitochondrial network structure in C . elegans (PJ1277 strain) fed E . coli OP50 ( n = 175 images), probiotic strain 62 ( n = 76 images), or probiotic strain 63 ( n = 103 images). Represented are the percentages of nematodes displaying structuration that was tubular (white), intermediate (gray), or fragmented (black). (D) BODIPY-stained bacteria in the intestines of C. elegans 24 h after ingestion. Significant differences among nematodes over time (day 1, 4, 7, 11, and 13) as well as between the control and the probiotic supplementation groups (strains 62 and 63) were determined using Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s post hoc tests.

Article Snippet: When the data failed to meet the assumption of normality (Shapiro–Wilk normality test), differences among groups were assessed using a Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s tests for post hoc analysis (R Studio, Version 1.2.5001, R Studio Inc.).

Techniques: Control, Comparison, Staining, Bacteria

Journal: Frontiers in Nutrition

Article Title: Lacticaseibacillus casei CNCM I-5663 supplementation maintained muscle mass in a model of frail rodents

doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.928798

Figure Lengend Snippet: Levels of protein, insulin pathway mediators, and proteolysis-related gene expression in the muscles of 18-month-old rats fed an ad libitum (AL) diet or a food-restricted (R) diet over a one-month period; one food-restricted group received a probiotic supplement – strain 63 (R+63). (A) Protein levels in hindlimb muscles (gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, and extensor digitorum longus). (B) Levels of proteins involved in the AKT/mTOR/S6K pathway: ratio of phosphorylated proteins, p-S6 (Ser235/236), and p-eIF2α (Ser51), to total proteins, S6 and eIF2α. (C) Expression levels of muscle proteolysis genes, namely those related to the regulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent pathway (Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1) and autophagy pathway (Lc3b, ATG16L, and Cathepsin L). Values are means ± SEM. Differences in letters indicate a significant difference between groups (Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn’s post hoc test, p ≤ 0.05, n = 61 rats).

Article Snippet: When the data failed to meet the assumption of normality (Shapiro–Wilk normality test), differences among groups were assessed using a Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s tests for post hoc analysis (R Studio, Version 1.2.5001, R Studio Inc.).

Techniques: Gene Expression, Muscles, Expressing, Ubiquitin Proteomics

Journal: Frontiers in Nutrition

Article Title: Lacticaseibacillus casei CNCM I-5663 supplementation maintained muscle mass in a model of frail rodents

doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.928798

Figure Lengend Snippet: Short-chain fatty acids levels in the cecal contents and expression of GPR41 and GPR43 in the colon and ileum of 18-month-old rats fed an ad libitum (AL) diet or a food-restricted (R) diet over 1-month period; one food-restricted group received a probiotic supplement – strain 63 (R+63). (A) Levels of the SCFAs acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, isovalerate, and isobutyrate in the cecal contents of the R and R+63 groups. (B) GPR41 and GPR43 expression in the distal ileum. (C) GPR41 and GPR43 expression in the proximal colon. Values are means ± SEM. Differences in letters indicate a significant difference between groups (Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn’s post hoc test, p ≤ 0.05, n = 61 rats).

Article Snippet: When the data failed to meet the assumption of normality (Shapiro–Wilk normality test), differences among groups were assessed using a Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s tests for post hoc analysis (R Studio, Version 1.2.5001, R Studio Inc.).

Techniques: Expressing